kml網址
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Imperial Tombs of the Ming and Qing Dynasties(明清皇家陵寢)
它代表了在2000年及2003年登記的明代陵墓外，另外三個位於遼寧省的清代陵墓。而這三個陵墓為了永陵、福陵和昭陵，它們全都建於17世紀。這些陵墓的建造是為了紀念清朝的開朝祖先們，而它們也都依循著中國占卜和風水理論的規則所建。這些墓都是以豐富的石雕裝飾為特色，並且有著龍的圖案。這也就說明了清代喪葬藝術方面的發展。這三個陵墓及數不清的龐大建築物，結合了前面朝代的傳統和滿族文化的新特色It has represented outside the the Ming Dynasty mausoleum which 2000 and in 2003 registers, moreover three units places to Liaoning Province's Qing Dynasty mausoleum. But these three mausoleums in order to forever the mausoleum, 福陵 and the illustrious mausoleum, they all will construct at 17th century. These mausoleums constructions are for commemorate the Qing Dynasty to open face the ancestors, but they also all rely on China to practice divination and the geomancy theory rule construct. These graves all are take the rich stone carving decoration as the characteristics, and has the dragon design. This also explained the Qing Dynasty funeral art aspect development. These three mausoleums and the innumerable huge building, unified front the dynasty tradition and the Manchu nationality culture new characteristic.
2007年6月2日 星期六
2007年5月28日 星期一
明清皇家陵寢
顯陵規劃佔地183公頃，其中陵寢部分佔地52公頃，在這廣闊的區域內，所有的山體、水系、林木植被都作為陵寢的構成要素來統一佈局和安排。陵區後部的自然山丘為祖山，作為陵寢的依託，兩側的山體作為環護，中間臺地安排建築、九曲河婉蜒其間，前面山丘為屏山，構成前朱雀、後玄武、左青龍、右白虎的風水格局，體現了“陵制與山水相稱”的原則。陵墓的最南端建有敕封純德山碑亭一座，平面呈方形，亭已毀，內供漢白玉石碑一通，通高3．59米，寬1．15米，上書“純德山”三個大字，碑座、碑身、碑文和碑額保存完好。純德山東側天子崗建有龍首龜蚨碑亭一座，俗稱“山曲碑”亭，記載著陵區的範圍及管理方面的內容。陵寢週邊建有高6米，厚1．6米，長達4730米，平面呈“金瓶”形狀的外羅城。外羅城前端因池塘和東南砂山影響，依山就水建造歇山頂宮門一座，名新紅門，面 闊18．5米，進深8米，有券門三洞。門前有下馬碑兩座，上書“官員人等至此下馬”。新紅門右側依原有天然池塘建有外明塘，外明塘後為三道禦橋。過禦橋為正紅門，正紅門紅墻黃瓦，歇山頂式，面闊18米，進深7．8米，有券門三洞。進正紅門神道正中毫立著高大的睿功聖德碑亭，平面佈局為方形，面闊進深均為18．3米，佔地334平方米，漢白玉臺基，下設石須彌座，上為重檐歇山頂，四邊各開有券門，正中立龍首龜蚨睿功聖德碑。碑亭後63米處設禦橋三座。 過橋便是陵區最主要的墓飾建築，迎面為漢白玉望柱，通高12米，下為方形須彌座，柱身為六棱形，二層束腰雲盤托著圓柱形有雲龍紋浮雕望柱頭。望柱後排列著石像生群、計有獅子、懈貂、臥駱駝、臥象、麒麟、立馬、臥馬各一對；武將二對，文臣、勳臣各一對，造型生動，排列有序。其後為龍風門，作為石像生的依託，龍風門設計十分精巧，為六柱三門四樓沖天式牌樓，方柱上懸出雲版，上覆蓮座，蓮座上各雕有一尊朝天吼、正身立火焰寶珠，石墩，坊身倣木作設額枋、花板、抱框，上額枋設有門簪，方柱前後夾有抱鼓石，影壁墻下設須彌座，上蓋黃色琉璃瓦，整個龍鳳門不僅潔白耀眼而且金碧輝煌。從龍鳳門再越禦橋便是一條長達290米的神道，該神道一反左右對稱和通直的原則，作彎曲龍行狀，是為龍形神道。接龍形神道是最後三座禦橋。九曲河由東北向西南蜿蜒而過，河道為磚石結構，河中根據高差建有九道攔水壩。過九曲河最後一道禦橋為內明塘，內明塘為圓形，直徑33米，周邊砌有青石護岸。塘兩邊各設有碑亭一座，分別為“純德山祭告文”碑亭和“瑞文碑”亭。內明塘後，為祾恩門，面闊三間，進深二間，建有月臺，前後三齣雲龍丹陛，門兩邊有琉璃影壁，影壁正面為綠色琉璃的蟠枝圖案，背面為雙龍騰躍，喻意藏龍護生。祾恩門外東側，建有神廚、神庫、宰牲亭等。西側建有神宮監，禮生樂戶直房等。祾恩門後，左右為配殿，面闊五問，進深二間，前出廊。再後為棱恩殿，歇山後抱廈宮殿式建築，面闊五間，進深四間。前出月臺，石雕須彌座臺基，雕欄龍風望柱。祾恩殿後為陵寢門，面闊三間、磚石琉璃結構。陵寢門後為二柱門，現僅存石柱，蹲龍戰鼓，木構無存。二柱門後為石五供，現存供案和部分石雕供器。供案兩側各有碑亭一座，分別為御賜祭文碑亭和御賜謚冊志文碑亭。供案後是方城明樓，方城面闊、進深皆為22．2米，設券門一道，門前有禦道踏跺。門後左右設有禦道臺階以供上下。方城上建有明樓，面闊、進深均為17米，重檐歇山頂，石須彌座基礎，四道券門。內供“大明睿宗獻皇帝之陵”聖號碑，通高4．69米。方城後左右連接著前後寶城，前寶城呈橢圓形，東西寬112米，南北長125米。寶城內為寶頂，寶頂下為1519年(正德十五年)所建玄宮。寶城與方城之間建有月牙城，內有琉璃影壁一座。前後寶城由瑤臺相連。瑤臺為長方形，面闊11．5米，進深40．5米。後寶城為圓形，直徑110米。內為寶頂，寶頂下為1539年(嘉靖十八年)所建地下玄宮，玄宮內停放著恭喜獻皇帝和皇后棺停。後寶城與瑤臺之間建有月牙城，內有琉璃影壁一座。兩座寶城上共有向外懸挑的散水螭首16個，設計精巧，為獨特的排水系統。陵區週邊沿祖山、東西砂山、案山建有顯陵衛、東果園、西菜園、更鋪及巡山鋪等。
2007年4月16日 星期一
Early Christian Monuments of Ravenna(拉韋纳的早期基督教遺址)
Ravena's location:
Ravenna is a city in northern Italy, the capital of Ravenna Province, in Emilia-Romagna Region, near the Adriatic Sea (with which it is connected by the Corsini Canal). The city is famed for its buildings that date from the 5th, 6th, and 7th centuries and for the mosaics that decorate many of the interiors. Ravenna also contains the tombs of the Ostrogothic emperor Theodoric and of Dante.
Brief Description:Ravenna was the seat of the Roman Empire in the 5th century and then of Byzantine Italy until the 8th century. It has a unique collection of early Christian mosaics and monuments. All eight buildings – the Mausoleum of Galla Placidia,the Neonian Baptistery, the Basilica of Sant'Apollinare Nuovo, the Arian Baptistery, the Archiepiscopal Chapel, the Mausoleum of Theodoric, the Church of San Vitale and the Basilica of Sant'Apollinare in Classe – were constructed in the 5th and 6th centuries. They show great artistic skill, including a wonderful blend of Graeco-Roman tradition, Christian iconography and oriental and Western styles.
2007年3月23日 星期五
2007年3月15日 星期四
page30 no.1
Geograhhy isn't foreigned by me. I've studied it about five years in my junior and senior high school life. I don't like this subject. But it very important in my freshman year. So I'll concentrate in the class. And if I have some problem, I'll divise a way to solve it. For example, ask teacher or classmate for help. I'll do my homework very hard, so teacher......please don't flunk me.
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